Riots are not as simple as they appear from a distance. Observing them carefully can lead one to recognise the forces behind them. A burning example is Manipur. By oversimplification, it is said that the Meiteis, who make up more than 50% of the total population and a majority of whom are Hindus, have been granted the Scheduled Tribe status, which has enraged the already existing ST communities in the state. The enraged people have thereafter been termed “violators of human rights” and the government as “irresponsible”; we do not say that these simplifications are wrong. However, there are further complexities that we should look into.
In August 2022, Godrej Agrovet, an agricultural business, announced that it had signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with the governments of Assam, Manipur, and Tripura to advance and promote oil palm cultivation under a central scheme. In May 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture’s Assessment Committee had identified 66,652 hectares across six districts in Manipur as suitable for oil palm cultivation. These districts include Imphal West with 14,516 hectares, Thoubal with 18,475 hectares, Bishnupur with 10,389 hectares, Churachandpur with 11,662 hectares, Chandel with 6,803 hectares, and Ukhrul with 4,808 hectares.
However, according to environmental scholars, palm oil cultivation requires a significant amount of water, which can deplete water resources. Palm is a water-intensive crop, with each plant requiring approximately 300 litres of water daily. The need for around 45,000 litres of water per hectare per day also poses a considerable risk to soil fertility, which renders the cultivation of other crops fruitless. Yet, under capitalism, there is little concern for the environment.
Incidentally, about 90% of Manipur’s land is in the hills, while the remaining 10% is in the valley. Therefore, the government’s palm-cultivation project necessarily targets the hilly areas for oil palm cultivation. In their final report, “Developmental Action Plan for Promoting Oil Palm in the North Eastern Region of India”, submitted to the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MoDoNER), the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) stated:
“In states like Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, where oil palm is being taken up along the Assam plains, labourers may be engaged from amongst communities traditionally engaged for tea plantations in Assam, as many members of such communities are looking for work on account of reduced opportunities in Assam. In Manipur, the population of hill areas is adequate for the oil palm plantation.”
Having learned about the government’s project, certain youth groups began sensitising the local people about its impact on the environment. Consequently, a conflict was needed to dislocate the people from the hilly areas of Manipur.
On the 27th of March, 2023, the High Court of Manipur ordered the BJP-ruled state government to “consider the case of the petitioners for inclusion of the Meetei/Meitei community in the Scheduled Tribe list, expeditiously…”, which was questioned by the Supreme Court of India when tribal bodies appealed the High Court’s order. Eventually, the High Court had to withdraw it.
But the damage was already done. The order of the High Court led to protests by the Kuki people, which were attacked by Meitei vigilante groups like Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun. These groups, linked with broader networks like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), played a key role in the violence. The Kukis, a majority of whom are Christians, suffered the most.
Section 158 of the Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960, talks about a “Special provision regarding Scheduled Tribes”. It says,
“No transfer of land by a person who is a member of the Scheduled Tribes shall be valid unless—
(a) the transfer is to another member of the Scheduled Tribes; or
(b) where the transfer is to a person who is not a member of any such tribe, it is made with the previous permission in writing of the deputy commissioner; or
(c) the transfer is by way of mortgage to a co-operative society.”
Granting the Meiteis ST status would thus give them easy access to land. The violence in the state has forced many tribals to flee the hilly areas. The Modi-led BJP government, with its Hindutva ideology, is using the Meitei community not only to attack the religious and ethnic minorities but also to seize land from the hill people. In Manipur, this purpose is served by its Chief Minister, N Biren Singh, who claims that the Kuki people are illegal immigrants from Myanmar. He also claims that the “conflict is not between communities but between Kuki militants and security forces.”
Even after hundreds of deaths in the state, Modi failed to speak a word on the situation. When a video of a naked woman being marched went viral on social media, he spoke, but again, not a single word on the political scenario. The Prime Minister, who boasts about denying rights to the people of Jammu and Kashmir, has failed to tackle the situation in Manipur. The Central Government could have implemented President’s Rule in the state, but how could it happen? Both governments, after all, are led by the same party!
Therefore, it is evident that the ongoing violence in Manipur is not only the consequence of the BJP’s Hindutva ideology, which excludes minorities but also its service to the bourgeoisie.
The Meitei community must understand the factors that led to the violence in Manipur. All communities of Manipur must unite and resist the handover of the hills, valleys, rivers, and lakes of their land to the bourgeoisie and work towards a sustainable environment. We must acknowledge the fact that nature and capitalism cannot coexist.
N. Biren Singh, the Chief Minister of Manipur, must accept his incapability and step down from his position. Justice for all victims is demanded. All those who have lost their homes must be compensated by the government. No to the confiscation of lands from the tribal people! Let all violators of human rights be punished!